| Submit Date: |
December, 2000 |
In well known reference books on Chevrolet (75
years of Chevrolet and Standard Catalog of Chevrolet 1912 to 1998)
I have noted that apart from Canada, there is no reference to overseas
manufacturing plants such as General Motors in South Africa and
Australia. I realize that within the global scale, the South African
market and its contribution is extremely small but the story is
interesting.
Prior
to the establishment of assembly plants in South Africa the established
car dealers did assembly themselves. Crated Chevs were delivered
by ship and the crates were delivered by steam traction engine drawn
trains of wagons to Willams Hunt the authorised dealer.
GM in South Africa was founded in 1926. First production
from the newly established plant in April 1926 began with 11 cars
a day to introduce the new Pontiac to South Africa. Up to the depression
starting in October 1929 the full range of makes from General Motors
were assembled at the Port Elizabeth factory (Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet,
La Salle, Oakland, Oldsmobile and Pontiac as well as trucks). Port
Elizabeth is some 800 km from Cape Town but also a coastal port.
The
flow of vehicles sourced from the USA died down to a trickle of
Chev's in 1942. Production of armoured vehicles and trucks was concentrated
on until the end of WWII hostilities.
Chevy's came back into production first with the 1946 Business Coupe's and
Stylemasters. Long waiting lists took many months to fill.
By
the mid 1950's the American cars were still most popular and the
economy supported Cadillac's, Oldsmobile's and the new V8 Chevy's.
Holden from GM Australia joined local assembly.
As a matter of record all the vehicles manufactured by GMSA & GM
Australia are Right Hand Steering because we drive on the left side
of the road.
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Political
focus was on local production and taxation favoured local manufacture.
In the 1960's the South African Government therefore established
a local content program which forced manufacturers to provide a
steadily increasing percentage of the vehicle by mass (weight) to
be sourced within South Africa. This resulted in a rapid increase
in capability and capacity of the component industry which focused
on production of heavy components. Tyres had been locally made since
1935 and batteries and suspension springs too had been made for
years. Glass, paint and upholstery materials were all locally produced.
Manufacturers were free to follow the body or engine route for achievement
of local content. (Some interesting things happened - for instance,
we saw vehicles fitted with cast-iron bell housings whereas in the
country of original manufacture the bell housings were aluminium!)
With
the Chevy II in production, GM took the route of engine manufacture
and produced the 2,5 litre 4 cylinder - and 3,8 and 4,1 litre 6
cylinder versions. To boost component production manufacturers of
engines supplied rival manufacturers and so the American Motors
Rambler had the Chev 4100 engine. After the Chevy II phased out,
these engines were mounted in an Opel derived body but sold as Chev
2500, 3800 and 4100. The latter vehicles with tri-matic transmissions
were favoured by caravanners (trailer homes). By that time the local
content programme enforced by the South African Government was 66%
by mass (weight) of the completed vehicle.
For
a short period we had assembly and marketing of the Acadian and
Beaumont ex GM Canada but they were unknown names to the traditional
public!
The
oil crisis of the 1970's was a tough time because anti-Apartheid
political pressure was being applied to South Africa. South Africa
had no petroleum reserves itself but was a world leader in the production
of petrol from coal and also in the production of alcohol from sugar
cane. Both processes were more expensive than imported crude oil
at the time of the crisis.
The local content programme was accelerated and an attempt was made
to keep the Chev name to the fore. Name badges were changed so that
the Vauxhall Viva became the Chev Firenza 1300 and 1900. The Chev
2500, 3800 and 4100 were Opel Commodore bodies with the three Chevy
II engines. Large fuel tanks were fitted to help motorists because
sale of fuel was restricted to 06:00 to 18:00 and not over week-ends!
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By
now there were no more US sourced cars. The Chevrolet Kommando and
Constantia (unique South African names), and the de Ville were based
on Australian Holden bodies but powered by the 3800, 4100 and a
US sourced V8.
An attempt to create a local identity led to production
of the Ranger, a car with an Opel Rekord body, Vauxhall grille and
Chevy II 2500 4 cylinder engine. Local content percentages were
pushed up and after suspension components and support pressings,
main body pressings followed. Limited production and competition
made car manufacture an exciting business at the end of the 1960's.
After
the Soweto riots in 1976 the sales of new vehicles dropped sharply
in 1977 and General Motors adopted the Sullivan Code of no discrimination
in the workplace.
Chev
2500, 3800 and 4100 were South Africa's top sellers in 1975 but
fell to third place in 1976 and fifteenth place in 1977.
Nineteen-eightyone
was a terrible year for sales and the total sale of all makes of
cars and commercial vehicles was less than 500,000. (300,000 were
cars)
As
a result of the Apartheid policy, sanctions were imposed by the
US government and disinvestment by many US firms followed. Deep
economic recession hit South Africa during 1984 and sales fell further.
By the end of 1986 GM succumbed to political pressure and dis-invested.
Total sales of all makes of cars in 1986 was only 175,000). General
Motors sold the GMSA plant in a management buy-out to local interests
and the company was renamed Delta Motor Corporation. The company
had the rights to manufacture Opel cars and Isuzu commercial vehicles
under license. Delta Motor Corporation continued to build the obsolete
Opel Rekord but core production centred on the Opel Kadett range.
With
the democratic government coming into power in 1994 there has been
a dramatic change and now we are seeing the latest GM technology
from Germany with the latest Opel's being manufactured with high
local content by Delta Motor Corporation. Importation of US sourced
vehicles on a limited scale has recommenced but from January 2000
no left hand steering vehicles may be imported. This has limited
the range to those exported to other right hand drive countries
and has signaled a resurgence of Holden in particular but as the
Chev Lumina SS 5,7 litre.
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